Ghana

Republic of Ghana

Region: West Africa · ISO code: GHA

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Economy

Nominal GDP

USD 92.7 billion

GDP per capita

USD 2,547

2021–2025 average

Currency

Name: Ghanaian cedi
Ганский седи
ISO code: GHS
Rate against the US dollar: USD 1 = 11.72 GHS
Rate against the rouble: 1 GHS = 7.1297 RUB
Rate type: Cross rate via the Bank of Russia USD/RUB rate
Currency zone: National currency

Exchange rate as of 1 October 2026

Economic structure

GDP structure: 2021–2025 average Source: Based on World Bank data. Period: 2021–2025 average

Agriculture 20.4%
Industry 29.6%
Services 43.5%

Industries and programmes

Key industries: Gold mining, oil production, cocoa, manganese and bauxite, and services.
Government programmes: “Reset and Growth” program (Resetting Ghana), implemented by the government since 2025

“24-Hour Economy” initiative

Medium-term economic and social policy program

International trade

Exports of goods, 2021–2025

USD billion Source: World Bank / WTO, merchandise exports (TX.VAL.MRCH.CD.WT). Period: 2021–2025

Amount Index (2021 = 100)

Table

Exports of goods, 2021–2025: amount and index (2021 = 100)
Year	USD billion	index, 2021 = 100
2021	14.7	100.0
2022	17.3	117.7
2023	16.7	113.6
2024	19.2	130.6
2025	31.1	211.6

Imports of goods: USD 18.3 billion 2021–2025 averageSource: ITC. Period: 2021–2025 average
Exports of goods and services: USD 29.2 billion 2024Source: World Bank, national accounts. Period: 2024
Change in exports of goods, 2021–2025: +111.6%
Average annual rate of change in exports of goods, 2021–2025: +20.6%

Export specialisation

Main export products

share of exports of goods, %, 2024 Source: UN Comtrade, 2024; share of total merchandise exports, HS chapters (2 digits). Period: 2024

precious metals and stones (gold, diamonds)55.2%
mineral fuels, oil and gas18.6%
cocoa and cocoa preparations9.7%
fruit and nuts (including cashews)1.8%
iron and steel1.8%

Main export destinations

share of exports of goods, %, 2024 Source: UN Comtrade, 2024; share of total merchandise exports, HS chapters (2 digits). Period: 2024

Switzerland20.4%
UAE19.9%
South Africa12.2%
China7.6%
India6.7%

Investment areas

Agro-processing
Modernized gold mining
Gambling
The oil and gas sector and thermal power infrastructure
Road construction
Mining of “green” minerals (lithium)
Local pharmaceuticals
Renewable energy
Vehicle assembly

Agreements with Russia

Investment protection

There is no bilateral agreement with Russia on the promotion and reciprocal protection of investments.

Absent
Double taxation

There is no double taxation agreement with Russia.

Absent
Visa requirements

Russian citizens holding ordinary passports require a visa

Visa required
Peaceful nuclear energy
- intergovernmental agreement (2 June 2015), in force
Intergovernmental agreement

Other agreements

Agreement on Visa-Free Travel for Holders of Diplomatic and Service Passports (2026). Trade agreement between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Republic of Ghana dated 28 October 1978.

Incentives

Main regimes and incentives: Ghana adopted the Ghana Investment Promotion Authority Act 2026 (Act 1173), replacing the Ghana Investment Promotion Centre Act 2013 (Act 865) and establishing the Ghana Investment Promotion Authority (GIPA) as the successor to the Ghana Investment Promotion Centre (GIPC).

Foreign investors may fully own companies in most industrial sectors (except market retail trading, taxis and small salons). The unrestricted transfer of profits, dividends, net income and proceeds from business liquidation in foreign currency through authorized banks is guaranteed. The constitution prohibits nationalization of private enterprises except in rare cases of “public necessity”, with mandatory prompt and fair compensation at market value. Companies automatically receive immigration quotas for hiring foreign specialists, linked to the investment amount. A flexible system of corporate income tax reductions applies to key industries. Duty-free imports are available for production machinery, industrial equipment, conveyor lines and spare parts imported directly for the enterprise’s needs, specialized agricultural machinery and veterinary products; location-based tax incentives and SEZ regimes are available.
Source: https://kpmg.com/xx/en/our-insights/gms-flash-alert/2026/flash-alert-2026-228.html
Type of measure: Reduced tax rateDuty exemptionSpecial territorial regimes (SEZ)
Investment agency: GIPA — Ghana Investment Promotion Authority
Zone operator / authority: GFZA — Ghana Free Zones Authority