Ethiopia

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

Region: East Africa · ISO code: ETH

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Economy

Nominal GDP

USD 137 billion

GDP per capita

USD 1,000

2021–2025 average

Currency

Name: Ethiopian birr
Эфиопский быр
ISO code: ETB
Rate against the US dollar: USD 1 = 162.41 ETB
Rate against the rouble: 100 ETB = 51.9315 RUB
Rate type: Official Bank of Russia rate
Currency zone: National currency

Exchange rate as of 1 October 2026

Economic structure

GDP structure: 2021–2025 average Source: Based on World Bank data. Period: 2021–2025 average

Agriculture 35.7%
Industry 24.4%
Services 36.8%

Industries and programmes

Key industries: Agriculture (coffee, oilseeds, flowers), air transport, hydropower, textiles, and construction.
Government programmes: Ten-Year Development Plan 2021–2030

Homegrown Economic Reform Program 2.0

Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam

International trade

Exports of goods, 2021–2025

USD billion Source: World Bank / WTO, merchandise exports (TX.VAL.MRCH.CD.WT). Period: 2021–2025

Amount Index (2021 = 100)

Table

Exports of goods, 2021–2025: amount and index (2021 = 100)
Year	USD billion	index, 2021 = 100
2021	3.95	100.0
2022	3.97	100.5
2023	3.47	87.8
2024	5.47	138.5
2025	7.58	191.9

Imports of goods: USD 13.4 billion 2021–2025 averageSource: ITC. Period: 2021–2025 average
Exports of goods and services: USD 16.8 billion 2025Source: World Bank, national accounts. Period: 2025
Change in exports of goods, 2021–2025: +91.9%
Average annual rate of change in exports of goods, 2021–2025: +17.7%

Export specialisation

Main export products

share of exports of goods, %, 2023 Source: UN Comtrade, 2023; share of total merchandise exports, HS chapters (2 digits). Period: 2023

coffee, tea and spices43.2%
vegetables17.5%
oil seeds and oleaginous fruits14.8%
live plants and flowers9.2%
meat2.2%

Main export destinations

share of exports of goods, %, 2023 Source: UN Comtrade, 2023; share of total merchandise exports, HS chapters (2 digits). Period: 2023

Saudi Arabia10.4%
United States9.7%
Netherlands7.6%
UAE5.7%
Somalia5.0%

Investment areas

Agro-processing
Textiles
Energy (hydropower; development of a nuclear power plant project)
Pharmaceuticals
Fertilizers
Logistics

Agreements with Russia

Investment protection

Agreement on the Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investments: signed 10 February 2000; not yet in force

Signed, not in force
Double taxation

There is no double taxation agreement with Russia.

Absent
Visa requirements

Russian citizens holding ordinary passports require a visa.

Visa required
Peaceful nuclear energy
- intergovernmental agreement (23 October 2019)
- roadmap (2023)
- action plan for a nuclear power plant project (September 2025)
Intergovernmental agreement

Other agreements

Agreement on the Establishment of a Joint Russian–Ethiopian Center for Biological Research (2023).

Incentives

Main regimes and incentives: Investment Proclamation No. 1180/2020; Investment Tax and Customs Incentives Regulation No. 586/2026: investment deductions, reduced corporate income tax rates, tax and customs incentives, and special conditions for special economic zones. Eligibility requirements and incentive periods vary by investor and project category.
Source: https://justice.gov.et/en/law/for-investment-providing-tax-and-customs-incentive-council-of-ministers-regulation-no-586-2026/
Type of measure: Reduced tax rateDuty exemptionSpecial territorial regimes (SEZ)
Investment agency: EIC — Ethiopian Investment Commission