Egypt

Arab Republic of Egypt

Region: North Africa · ISO code: EGY

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Economy

Nominal GDP

USD 383 billion

GDP per capita

USD 3,588

2021–2025 average

Currency

Name: Egyptian pound
Египетский фунт
ISO code: EGP
Rate against the US dollar: USD 1 = 51.99 EGP
Rate against the rouble: 10 EGP = 16.0725 RUB
Rate type: Official Bank of Russia rate
Currency zone: National currency

Exchange rate as of 1 October 2026

Economic structure

GDP structure: 2021–2025 average Source: Based on World Bank data. Period: 2021–2025 average

Agriculture 12.6%
Industry 32.3%
Services 50.4%

Industries and programmes

Key industries: Oil and gas; manufacturing, including chemicals, fertilizers, food processing and textiles; Suez Canal-related services; tourism; and construction.
Government programmes: Egypt Vision 2030

National Structural Reform Program

State Ownership Policy Document

Development of the Suez Canal Economic Zone (SCZone)

International trade

Exports of goods, 2021–2025

USD billion Source: World Bank / WTO, merchandise exports (TX.VAL.MRCH.CD.WT). Period: 2021–2025

Amount Index (2021 = 100)

Table

Exports of goods, 2021–2025: amount and index (2021 = 100)
Year	USD billion	index, 2021 = 100
2021	41.3	100.0
2022	51.3	124.2
2023	42.1	101.9
2024	42.2	102.2
2025	51.4	124.5

Imports of goods: USD 93.1 billion 2021–2025 averageSource: ITC. Period: 2021–2025 average
Exports of goods and services: USD 72.4 billion 2025Source: World Bank, national accounts. Period: 2025
Change in exports of goods, 2021–2025: +24.5%
Average annual rate of change in exports of goods, 2021–2025: +5.6%

Export specialisation

Main export products

share of exports of goods, %, 2024 Source: UN Comtrade, 2024; share of total merchandise exports, HS chapters (2-digit level). Period: 2024

mineral fuels, oil and gas12.5%
precious metals and stones (gold, diamonds)7.3%
electrical machinery and equipment6.7%
fruit and nuts (including cashew nuts)5.8%
plastics5.8%

Main export destinations

share of exports of goods, %, 2024 Source: UN Comtrade, 2024; share of total merchandise exports, HS chapters (2-digit level). Period: 2024

Italy7.5%
Saudi Arabia7.5%
Türkiye7.4%
United Arab Emirates7.3%
United States5.0%

Investment areas

Industrial manufacturing in SCZone (including the Russian Industrial Zone)
Nuclear power (El Dabaa Nuclear Power Plant)
Renewable energy and green hydrogen
Logistics
Grain terminals
Pharmaceuticals

Agreements with Russia

Investment protection

Agreement on the Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investments: signed on 23 September 1997; in force since 12 June 2000

In force
Double taxation

Agreement (Convention) for the Avoidance of Double Taxation: signed on 23 September 1997; in force since 6 December 2000

In force
Visa requirements

Russian citizens holding ordinary passports require a visa.

Visa required
Peaceful nuclear energy
- Intergovernmental agreement on the construction of the El Dabaa Nuclear Power Plant (2015)
Intergovernmental agreement

Other agreements

Treaty on Comprehensive Partnership and Strategic Cooperation (2018).
Agreement on the Provision of a State Loan for the Construction of the El Dabaa Nuclear Power Plant (19 November 2015; amended by the protocol of 8 July 2025).
Agreement on the Establishment of the Russian Industrial Zone in SCZone (2018).

Incentives

Main regimes and incentives: Investment Law No. 72/2017: investment deductions of 30–50% of project costs, depending on the sector and region; the “Golden License”; free zone and investment zone regimes; a special regime for SCZone.
Type of measure: Special territorial regimes (SEZ)
Investment agency: GAFI — General Authority for Investment and Free Zones
Zone operator / authority: GAFI — General Authority for Investment and Free Zones
SCZone Authority